INVERSION IN ENGLISH

CÁC LOẠI CÂU ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG TIẾNG ANH

INVERSION IN ENGLISH

Trong một số trường hợp các phó từ không đứng ở vị trí bình thường của nó mà đảo lên đứng ở đầu câu nhằm nhấn mạnh vào hành động của chủ ngữ. Người ta gọi đó là câu đảo ngữ. Trong trường hợp đó ngữ pháp sẽ thay đổi, đằng sau phó từ đứng đầu câu là trợ động từ rồi mới đến chủ ngữ và động từ chính.

1. Đảo ngữ với NO và NOT
No+ N + auxiliary + S + Verb(inf)
Not any+ N+ auxiliary + S+ Verb(inf)
Eg: No money shall I lend you from now on.
= Not any money shall I lend you from now on.

2. Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ phủ định: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Hardly ever,.....hiếm khi mà
Never/ Rarely/ Seldom /Little/ Hardly ever+ auxiliary+ S+ V(inf)

Câu đảo ngữ chứa những trạng từ phủ định này thường được dùng với động từ hoàn thành hay động từ khiếm khuyết và có thể chứa dạng so sánh hơn.

Seldom has she seen anything stranger.
Never in mid-summer does it snow
Hardly ever does he speak in the public
Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar.

3. Đảo ngữ với ONLY

Dạng này, động từ đi kèm thường là trợ động từ (Auxiliaries) hoặc động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal Verbs). Một số động từ khiếm khuyết phổ biến như: shall, will, can, would, could, may, might, should, must, ought.

Chỉ bằng cách này/ kia

Only one
Only one did I meet her
Only later
Only in this way:      
Only in that way:

Only in this way could the problem be solved 
Only then + auxiliary+ S+ V
Only after+ N: Chỉ sau khi làm gì
Only after all gest had gone home could we relax
Only by V_ing/ N: Chỉ bằng cách làm gì
Only by practising English everyday can you speak it fluently
Only when+ clause: Chỉ khi làm gì
Only when her friends told me did I know she had been well-known.
Only when I understand her did I like her
Only with+ N: Chỉ với cái gì
Only with the bank's loan could he buy the car.
Only if + clause
Only in + adv of time/ place

4. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có No
At no time: Không bao giờ
The result of the match was never in doubt
=> At no time/never was the result of the match in doubt

On no condition
On no account + auxiliary+ S+ N: Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không

On no accout must this switch be touched. 

On no account should you be late for the Exam.
Under/ in no circumstances: Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không
Under no circumstances should you lend him the money. 
For no reason
In no way: Không sao có thể 
In no way could I agree with you. 
No longer: Không còn nữa
The money is not tobe paid under any circumstances
= Under no circumsstances is the money tobe paid
On no condition shall we accept their proposal
By no means: Hoàn toàn không
By no means does he intend to criticize your idea. 

5. No sooner.......... than.....Vừa mới...thì đã...
Hardly/ Bearly/ Scarely........ when/ before

Câu đảo ngữ chứa các trạng ngữ này thường dùng để diễn đạt một chuỗi các sự kiện xảy ra trong quá khứ, thường dùng quá khứ hoàn thành.

Hardly had I arrived home when the telephone rang.

(= I had hardly arrived home when the telephone rang.)

Scarcely had she finished reading when she fell asleep.

(= She had scarcely finished reading when she fell asleep.)

Barely had they won the match when the coach had a heart attack.

(= They had barely won the match when the coach had a heart attack.)

No sooner had the company launched its new product than it went bankrupt.

(= The company had no sooner launched its new product than it went bankrupt.)

No sooner did they realize that they had made a mistake than the company went bankrupt.

(= They no sooner realized that they had made a mistake than the company went bankrupt.)

6. Đảo ngữ với Not only....... but......also.....không những…….mà còn…..
Not only + trợ động từ + S +V + but also + S + V…
hoặc Not only + trợ động từ  + S + V + but.... also..........
Not only is he good at E but he also draw very well
Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly
Not only does he study well, but also he sings well.

7. Đảo ngữ với nhóm từ  SO, SUCH
So+ adj/ adv + (be) +N +  that + clause

Such + (be) + N + that + clause

Dạng này khá đơn giản, chỉ cần đảo động từ to be ra trước chủ ngữ là xong.

So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep.
So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.
Such is the moment that all greats traverse.

(Thật là thời khắc trở ngại lớn lao).

· Such is the stuff of dreams.

(Thật là một giấc mơ vô nghĩa).

Lưu ý: Thường khi gặp “so great, so much + Noun” thì ta dùng đảo ngữ với “such”  
The problem is so great that everybody is concerned of it. 
=> Such is the problem that everybody is concerned of it. 
There is so much uncertainty that I will not invest my money. 
=> Such is there uncertainty that I will not invest my money. 

9. Đảo ngữ với until/ till+ clause/ adv of time+ auxiliary+ S+ V
I won't come home till 10 o'clock
=Not until/ till 10 o'clock that I will come home
= It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home
I didn't know that I had lost my key till I got home
= Not until/ till I got home did I know that I had lost my key

10. Đảo ngữ với Nowhere+ Au+ S+V
Nowhere in VN is the cenery as beautiful as that in my country
Nowhere do I feel as comfortable as I do at home
Nowhere can you buy the goods as good as those in my country

11. Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện
a, Câu đk loại 1: If clause = should+S+V

(Lưu ý:  Dùng SHOULD để nói về khả năng xảy ra ít chắc chắn hơn)
Should she come late she wil miss the train
Should he lend me some money I will buy that house
b, Câu đk loại 2:If clause= Were S +to V/ Were+S
(Lưu ý:  Dùng WERE TO để nói về khả năng xảy ra ít chắc chắn hơn)
If I were you I would work harder =Were I you........
If I knew her I would invite her to the party= Were I to know her........
c, Câu đk loại 3 : If clause = Had+S+V₃^ED
If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam
= Had my parents not encouraged me...........

BÀI TẬP LUYỆN THÊM

Bài tập 1: Viết lại câu với hình thức đảo ngữ

1. She had never been so happy before.
--> Never had she been so happy before.
2. I have never heard such nonsense!
--> Never have I heard such nonsense!
3. I have never seen such a mess in my life.
--> Never have I seen such a mess in my life.
4. Public borrowing has seldom been so high.
--> Seldom has public borrowing been so high.
5. They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony.
--> Seldom had they participated in such a fascinating ceremony.
6. They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success.
--> Little did they suspect that the musical was going to be a runaway success. 
7. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent.
--> Little did the embassy staff realize that Ted was a secret agent.
8. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed.
--> Hardly had I begun to apologise when the door closed.
9. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property.
--> In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers’ lost property.
10. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony.
--> No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony.
11. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face.
--> Only when Tom saw his wife’s face did he understand the meaning of the comment.
12. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances. 
--> Under no circumstances can the restaurant accept animals.
13. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice. 
--> Rarely did the artist pay any attention to his agent’s advice. 

Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi.

1. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted.
–> So great was her grief that she almost fainted.
2. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk.
–> No sooner had he returned from his walk than he got down to writing the letter.
3. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her.
–> Hardly had she begun to speak when people started interrupting her.
4. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later.
–> Only when they told me about it later did I realize what I had missed.
5. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs John.
–> Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs John.
6. The outcome of the election was never in doubt.
–> At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt.
7. He forgot about the gun until he got home.
–> Not until he got home did he remember about the gun.
8. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard everyday.
–> Only by training hard everyday can you become a good athlete.

9.   The minute she left, the meeting broke up.

–> No sooner

10. Immediately after solving one problem, I was faced with another.

–>  Hardly

11. The colour of that jacket suits you, and it fits you perfectly.

–>  Not only

12. The minute he sets eyes on her, he fell in love.

–>  No sooner

13. You must remember to pay that bill, whatever you do.

–>   On no account

14.  He did not start to feel ill until after the meal.

–>   Only when

15.  People are not free from the influence of TV anywhere in the world nowadays.

–>   Nowhere

16.  There has not been an invention which so radically affected society since the printing press.

–>   Not since

17.  You rarely find a family without a television set nowadays.

–>   Rarely

18.     Busy parents can seldom resist the temptation to use the TV as a childminder.

–>   Seldom

19.     Some claim that TV discourages conversaton and also encourages anti-social behaviour.

–>   Not only

20.     Researchers have not found a single case of violence that could be directly linked to a TV programme.

–>   Not a 

21.     If the regulation had been imposed earlier, they might have been more effective.

–>   Had

22.     I would think carefully before dismissing him, if I were in your place.

–>   Were

Exercise 1 - Fill the gaps using the words in the box. 

has   ·   before   ·   than   ·   audience   ·   then   ·   was
started   ·   will   ·   can   ·   did   ·   so many   ·   had

1.	Hardly ever  an athlete won so many medals in such a short time.
2.	Little  we realise what a social faux-pas we had committed.
3.	Scarcely  the match started when the trouble began.
4.	Only by standing on tip-toe  I able to see anything at all.
5.	Seldom can an  have heard a better interpretation of this symphony.
6.	Hardly had the controversial opera  when people began to walk out.
7.	Only if we leave now  we be in time to catch the train.
8.	Never have I seen  people turn out for this event.
9.	Rarely  a remark have been more ill-judged.
10.	Only  did it become clear what the extent of the damage was.
11.	Barely had we had time to pack up the picnic things  the heavens opened
12.	No sooner had we asked for a quieter room room,  we were given one.

Exercise 2 - Fill the gaps using the words in the box. 

else   ·   way   ·   did   ·   circumstances   ·   nothing   ·   such
nor   ·   until   ·   would   ·   account   ·   only   ·   even

1.	At no time  he seem to realise what an idiot he was making of himself.
2.	At no time before have I heard  arrant nonsense.
3.	Nowhere  do they charge you so much for water
4.	On no  should you miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
5.	Under no  must this door be left unlocked.
6.	Not  she apologises for what she said will I speak to her again.
7.	Not  if they halved the price would I buy such a heap of old rubbish.
8.	Not for all the money in the world  I do what you're suggesting.
9.	Not  do I know you're wrong, but I can also prove you're wrong.
10.	Neither was the food up to standard  was the service particularly good.
11.	Everyone except me got soaked. Not for  do I always carry an umbrella.
12.	No  am I going to jump into that icy cold water!

Exercise 3 - Make inverted sentences from the sentences given, using the words in brackets .

1.         You shouldn't tell him about my trip to China. (On no ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………    

2.         You are not going to get me to eat that! (No way ... !)

            ………………………………………………………………………………    

3.         I have seldom seen such a brilliant goal. (Seldom ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

4.         Such a hurricane has rarely happened in Hereford. (Hardly ever ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

5.         I wouldn't want to hurt your feelings for all the world. (Not ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

6.         They were never aware of the danger that threatened them. (At no time ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

7.         This must not leak out to the press. (Under ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

8.         He wasn't rich and he wasn't handsome. (Neither ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

9.         We haven't often witnessed such artistry. (Rarely ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

10.       The bridge collapsed as soon as we managed to get across. (No sooner ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

11.       We were only able to cross the border by offering him a bribe. (Only ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

12.       Immediately he opened his mouth he started complaining about everything. (Barely ... before ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

 Exercise 4 - Make inverted sentences from the sentences given, using the words in brackets

1.   She has no idea what a surprise she's going to get. (Little ... know)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

2.   The bell had barely started to ring when the children rushed out of the classroom. (Scarcely)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

3.   He didn't start his speech until there was absolute silence in the hall (Not ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

4.   We will only be able to accept your offer if we are offered free delivery. (Only ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

5.   It is with good reason that Edinburgh is known as the Athens of the North. (Not for ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

6.   We have never been so well wined and dined in our lives. (Never ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

7.   She didn't break the news of her engagement until after dinner. (Only ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

8.   We weren't told that we would need our passports. (At no time ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

9.   They don't charge you as much for water anywhere else. (Nowhere else ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

10. I wouldn't fly with them again even if they offered me a free flight. (Not even ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

11. We had barely entered the shop when an assistant jumped on us. (Hardly ... when ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

12. He is both charming and very rich. (Not only ..., but ... also ...)

            ………………………………………………………………………………

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